Injil is the third book that was revealed and is believed to point to the original Gospel that was revealed to Jesus. While the Injil is said to form the New Testament, Taurat is said to point to the Old Testament. Who wrote the Injil? Jesus was the third prophet, preceding prophet Muhammad, who came to the world to guide people in their lives.
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Islamic Holy Books are the texts which Muslims believe were authored by God via various prophets throughout humanity's history. All these books, in Muslim belief, promulgated the code and laws that Allah ordained for those people.
Muslims believe the Quran to be the final revelation of Allah to mankind , and a completion and confirmation of previous scriptures.[1] Despite the primacy that Muslims place upon the Quran as Allah's final word, Islam speaks of respecting all the previous scriptures, and belief in all the revealed books is an article of faith in Islam.
Among the books considered to be revealed, the four mentioned by name in the Quran are the Tamra (Torah or the Law) revealed to Musa (Moses), the Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Dawud (David), the Injil (the Gospel) revealed to Isa (Jesus), and the Quran revealed to Muhammad.[citation needed] In Islam, it is believed that the Quran is the only Holy Book that was not altered over the course of the duration of time.
Major books[edit]
- Quran: The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Arabic: الله, Allah).[2] The Quran is divided into chapters ([[suryeet, which are then divided into verses (ayah). Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril),[3][4] gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE,[5] when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.[2][6][7] Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood,[8] and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature.[9][10][11][12]
- Tawrat or Torah: According to the Quran, the Torah was revealed to Moses (Musa)[13] but the Quran argues that the current Torah has suffered corruption over the years, and is no longer reliable.[14][failed verification] Moses and his brother Aaron (Hārūn) used the Torah to preach the message to the Israelites (Banu Isrā’īl).
- Zabur: The Quran mentions the Zabur, often interpreted as being the Book of Psalms,[15] as being the holy scripture revealed to King David. Scholars have often understood the Psalms to have been holy songs of praise.[16] The current Psalms are still praised by many Muslim scholars,[17][18] but Muslims generally assume that some of the current Psalms were written later and are not divinely revealed.[citation needed]Quran21:105 and Psalm 37:29 are direct counterparts.[19]
- Injil or Gospel: The Injil was the holy book revealed to Jesus (Isa), according to the Quran. Although some lay Muslims believe the Injil refers to the entire New Testament, scholars assume that it refers not to the New Testament but to an original Gospel, given to Jesus as the word of God.[20] Therefore, according to Muslim belief, the Gospel was the message that Jesus, being divinely inspired, preached to the Children of Israel. The current canonical Gospels, in the belief of Muslim scholars, are not divinely revealed but rather are documents of the life of Jesus, as written by various contemporaries, disciples and companions. These Gospels, in Muslim belief, contain portions of the teachings of Jesus, but neither represent nor contain the original Gospel from God, which has been corrupted and/or lost.[21]
The Quran also mentions two ancient scrolls and another possible book:
- Scrolls of Abraham (Arabic: صُّحُفِ إِبْرَهِيم 'Ṣuḥufi Ibrāhīm' and/or Arabic: الْصُّحُفِ ٱلْأُولَى Alṣ-Ṣuḥufi ’l-Ūlā - 'Books of the Earliest Revelation'): The Scrolls of Abraham are believed to have been one of the earliest bodies of scripture, which were given to Abraham (Ibrāhīm),[22] and later used by Ishmael (Ismā‘īl) and Isaac (Isḥāq). Although usually referred to as 'scrolls', many translators have translated the Arabicsuhuf as 'books'.[17][23] The Scrolls of Abraham are now considered lost rather than corrupted, although some scholars have identified them with the Testament of Abraham, an apocalyptic piece of literature available in Arabic at the time of Muhammad. The verse mentioning the 'Scriptures' is in Quran 87:18-19 where they are referred to 'Books of the Earliest Revelation'.
- Book of John the Baptist (Kitāb Yaḥyā): There is an allusion to a Book (Kitāb) of John the Baptist (Yaḥyā).[24] It is possible that portions of its text appear in some of the Mandæan scriptures such as the Ginza Rba or the Draša ḏ-Iahia 'The Book of John the Baptist'. Yahya is revered by the Mandæans and by the Sabians.
- Scrolls of Moses (Arabic: صُّحُفِ مُوسَى 'Ṣuḥufi Mūsā' and/or Arabic: الْصُّحُفِ ٱلْأُولَى Alṣ-Ṣuḥufi ’l-Ūlā - 'Books of the Earliest Revelation'): These scrolls, containing the revelations of Moses, which were perhaps written down later by Moses, Aaron and Joshua, are understood by Muslims to refer not to the Torah but to revelations aside from the Torah. Some scholars have stated that they could possibly refer to the Book of the Wars of the Lord,[17] a lost text spoken of in the Old Testament or Tanakh in the Book of Numbers.[25] The verse mentioning the 'Scriptures' is in Quran 87:18-19 where they are referred to 'Books of the Earliest Revelation'.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse, Holy Books
- ^ abNasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). 'Qurʼān'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^Lambert, Gray (2013). The Leaders Are Coming!. WestBow Press. p. 287. ISBN9781449760137.
- ^Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future. Vanguard Press. p. 143. ISBN9781593157067.
- ^
- Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2002
- ^Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers.
- ^Quran17:106
- ^Peters, F.E. (2003). The Words and Will of God. Princeton University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN0-691-11461-7.
- ^Margot Patterson, Islam Considered: A Christian View,Liturgical Press, 2008 p.10.
- ^Mir Sajjad Ali, Zainab Rahman, Islam and Indian Muslims, Guan Publishing House 2010 p.24, citing N. J. Dawood's judgement.
- ^Alan Jones, The Koran, London 1994, ISBN1842126091, opening page.Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence.
- ^Arthur Arberry, The Koran Interpreted, London 1956, ISBN0684825074, p. 191.It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.
- ^Quran53:36
- ^'Torah - Oxford Islamic Studies Online'. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^'Zabur - Oxford Islamic Studies Online'. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^Encyclopaedia of Islam, Psalms
- ^ abcAbdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary[page needed]
- ^Martin Lings, Mecca; Abdul Malik, In Thy Seed
- ^'Psalms - Oxford Islamic Studies Online'. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Appendix: On the Injil
- ^Encyclopaedia of Islam, Injil
- ^Quran87:19
- ^Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran
- ^Quran19:12
- ^Numbers 21:14
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Zabur (Arabic: زبور) is, according to Islam, the holy book of Dawud (David), one of the holy books revealed by Allah before the Quran, alongside others such as the Tawrat (Torah) of Musa (Moses) and the Injil (Gospel).
The Christian monastics of pre-Islamic Arabia were known to carry psalters, called zabuur.[1] Among many Christians in the Middle East and in South Asia, the word Zabur (Urdu and in Hindustani: زبُور(Nastaʿlīq), ज़बूर(Devanagari)) is used for the Book ofPsalms in the Bible.
Etymology[edit]
The Arabic word zabuur means 'book' 'inscription,' or 'writing.' [2]
An alternate, less accepted origin for the title zabuur in the meaning of 'psalm' is that it is a corruption of the Hebrewzimrah (Hebrew: זִמְרָה) meaning 'song, music' or sipur (Hebrew: סִפּוּר), meaning 'story.'[citation needed]
Mention in the Quran[edit]
In the Qur'an, the Zabur is mentioned by name only three times. The Qur'an itself says nothing about the Zabur specifically, except that it was revealed to David and that in the Zabur is written 'My servants the righteous, shall inherit the earth'.[3][4]
Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And we revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Descendants, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon, and to David We gave the book [of Psalms].
— Qur'an, Sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 163[5], Sahih International Translation
And your Lord is most knowing of whoever is in the heavens and the earth. And We have made some of the prophets exceed others [in various ways], and to David We gave the book [of Psalms].
— Qur'an, Sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55[6], Sahih International Translation
And We have already written in the book [of Psalms] after the [previous] mention that the land [of Paradise] is inherited by My righteous servants.
— Qur'an, sura 21 (Al-Anbiya), ayah 105[4], Sahih International Translation
Connection to Psalms[edit]
No books are known to have been written by King David of Israel, either through archeology or biblical accounts. However, the majority of the psalms collected in The Book of Psalms are attributed to David, suggesting that the Qur'an might be referring to Psalms. The Quran 21:105 says that in David's Zabur there is a quote 'the land is inherited by my righteous servants.' This resembles the 29th verse of Psalm 37 which says, 'The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein for ever,' (as translated in the King James Version of the Bible).[3]
Ahrens supports the view that Al-Anbiya 105 is quoting from the Psalms (1930).[7] He says that the verse in the Qur'an reads 'We have written in the Zabur after the reminder that My righteous servants shall inherit the earth.' His conclusion is that this verse represents a close and rare linguistic parallel with the Hebrew Bible and, more pointedly, with Psalm 37 ascribed specifically to David (see wording in verses 9,11,29).[citation needed]
Many Muslim scholars[who?] think that it also has reference to Exodus 32:13, which reads 'Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, thy servants, to whom thou swearest by thine own self, and saidst unto them, I will multiply your seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit it for ever.'[8]
In Hadith[edit]
One hadith, considered valid by Muhammad al-Bukhari, says:
Narrated Abu Huraira:The Prophet said, 'The reciting of the Zabur (i.e. Psalms) was made easy for David. He used to order that his riding animals be saddled, and would finish reciting the Zabur before they were saddled. And he would never eat except from the earnings of his manual work.'
Ketuvim[edit]
Christian apologistKarl Gottlieb Pfander suggested that the Qur'an's reference to Zabur actually refers to the third division of the Hebrew Scriptures, known as the Writings or Ketuvim, a broader grouping of Jewish holy books encompassing the Psalms and other collections of Hebrew literature and poetry.[9]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Shahîd, Irfan (1 January 1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 520. ISBN9780884021520.
- ^Lane, Edward William (1868). An Arabic-English lexicon(PDF). Beirut, Lebanon: Librarie du Liban. pp. 1210–1211. OCLC9603613.
- ^ abPsalms 37:29
- ^ abQuran21:105(Translated by Yusuf Ali)
- ^Quran4:163(Translated by Yusuf Ali)
- ^Quran17:55(Translated by Yusuf Ali)
- ^K. Ahrens, Christliches im Qoran, in ZDMG , lxxxiv (1930), 29
- ^Exodus 32:13
- ^C. G. Pfander, The Balance of Truth, pg. 51
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